Social and Racial Tension in 1920s America Essay

The roaring twenties was a decade of excitement. For the first time in many families’ lives, leisure times were extended thanks to the time saving inventions such as the vacuum cleaner, the refrigerator, and the washing machine. Another factor that made the 20s the best decade for many Americans was because of installment, also known as â€Å"buy now, pay later,† buying which allowed the middle class families to afford those products when needed and pay it off later. Clubs bustled with life, filled with the stench of alcohol, and the noise of tapping shoes as men and women danced their soles off their shoes. New thing occurred and made many Americans’ lives a paradise. However, there were few groups of people who didn’t view the same decade the†¦show more content†¦Although not all went to the extremes of the KKK using terror, beating, and even murder to fulfill their quest in purifying America, they however they did support it’s ideology i n many rural America. It has been estimated that, between the years 1920-27, the hands of the Klan members in the Southern states butchered 416 Blacks. Research indicates that most of the victims were innocent or were convicted of small offenses that certainly didn’t deserve such punishment. In the southern states, where the majority of the African American population resided, the notion of ‘white supremacy’ went unquestioned. Scarily enough, the KKK reached their hands into politics as well. In the state o f Indiana, the ‘Grand Wizard’, David Stephenson was politically powerful. It was also alleged that the Klan helped elect the governor of Maine, Colorado, and Louisiana in 1924. Moreover, on August 18th 1925 the Ku Klux Klan was able to parade down 40,000 men on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington D.C without any intervention from state officials. Segregated facilities in government buildings remained unchanged since the first decade of the century , which showed the American government during the twenties was continually ignoring issues linked to ethnic minorities and the hostile attitudes of its people towards them. The act ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on Radical Changes During the Roaring Twenties1033 Words   |  5 PagesThe Roaring Twenties was a period of intense tension towards the numerous barriers of tradition. Unlike the gradual fluctuations in modern day society which lead tension in its wake, the 1920’s was a bombardment of radical change ranging from societal norms to economic consumption. The end of World War I led to the end of idealism, and evolving values began to escalate towards the 1920’s. The surge of immigrants allowed for greater and greater economic booms, including the use of credit and involvementRead MoreIntolerance in American Society Essay629 Words   |  3 PagesIntolerance in American Society Intolerance of other peoples culture, religion, ethnic background and skin colour was a major issue in the 1920s America. This was, of course the era of the economic boom that helped to make America a rich and prosperous country in which to live. This economic boom made America a very attractive place to immigrate to, especially to those in countries that were not so well off. This meant immigration on a massive scale. People fromRead MoreEssay on 1920s Dbq823 Words   |  4 PagesDevin Nishizaki Period 2 3/11/10 1920’s DBQ Beginning in the early 1920’s, America found itself in a frenzy of revolutionary movements that would shift the everyday lives of American citizens and pave the way to the modern era. A struggle between old ideas of conservatism and new liberal movements surfaced during the â€Å"roaring twenties†. The new movements that began rearing their heads during this time period consisted of liberal political ideas, the advancements of rightsRead MoreTension in the Twenties Essay649 Words   |  3 PagesTension in the Twenties All major societies throughout our worlds history have experienced periods of major change. Tension inevitably arises as a result of the new environments in which the people live. Our country is no exception, especially through the era known as the Roaring Twenties. Just being another decade on the timeline was not good enough for the 1920s. When its brief turn came, it had to be the biggest, the loudest, and the brightest. A calamity gave it birth, and a calamityRead MoreRacial Prejudice And Racial Discrimination During The 1920 S1585 Words   |  7 PagesA Colorblind America When people refer to America, they typically think of it as the melting pot in the center of the earth. However, for a country that prides itself in advocating freedom and equality for all, the United States has a long history of segregation and discrimination that has long affected present policy. It is clear that racial minorities have been targets of this racial bias for years, and even after slavery was abolished, African-Americans continued to face the most racism due toRead MoreRacial Equality During The Harlem Renaissance843 Words   |  4 Pagesunfortunately, white women due to the fact that racial issues were still prominent post Civil War to the roaring 20s. Racial tension between blacks (now freed) and whites intensified as time continued after the Civil War. 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Yet there is still the unequal treatment between whites and blacks, as a country America has emerged from worse standings before with the aid of great visionaries. In the era of the Harlem Renaissance poets used art as a voice of reason. Granted, there were many poets who impacted the movement against racial inequality, Langston Hughes turned the pages with inspiring work. Whereas in Langston Hughes poem Dreams encourages people to achieveRead MoreRace Determined Inclusion and Exclusion in America1861 Words   |  7 PagesHistorically, America has been a nation that participates in discriminatory practices based on perceived race. European Americans have always considered themselves as a privilege group, therefore excluded from the discriminatory practice against other minorities. Mexicans, Filipinos, Blacks (African Americans) and Native Americans, were excluded from first class citizenship, and were and still are in some cases America’s victims of separatism. 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The Security Of A Home Network - 1352 Words

Technology Report Yu Lun Chou 1730799 MADS 6638 Computer Security Admin. George Thucydides 4/26/2016 Table of content Introduction Inventory Vulnerability Test Protection Support Incident Response Introduction Information play an essential role in everywhere. For a company, in order to run the company well, information management is a necessary skill, and leaking information, odds are , causes significant damage to the company. Even though a private network will not have as great damage as an organization, people like to keep their privacy. Therefore, the security of a home network is as important as the security of a company, and it is more universal. Hence this article will present how to built a†¦show more content†¦It provides for home, business, and school, and it provides free and payable products for different feature. According to the website Avast! Review - Top Antivirus Software, the free download version offers virus and malware detection, integrated password manager, and browser cleanup. In addition, Rubenking, a world-spanning purveyor of free antivirus protection, marks Avst high score in their independent lab tests and antiphishing test (2015). Different options for different feature with different price ↑ The feature list in different versions ↑ From the website About Adblock Plus, â€Å" Adblock Plus is a free extension that allows you to - among other things - block annoying ads, disable tracking and block domains known to spread malware†(2016). There are more illustration about the feature of Adblock Plus from the same website: allow acceptable ads, disable social media buttons, and typo protection (2016). Due to people experience the inconvenience while surfing the internet the ads pops out and the more important point the adware attack, using Adblock Plus is the appropriate choice. The Schematic diagram of Adblock Plus ↑ After installing Avast and Adblock Plus online, it shows in extensions ↑ Moreover, Avast and Adblock Plus are available from the internet and it is free. Therefore, people can reinstall these softwares anytime. Vulnerability Test According to the lecture Network Security Assessment(2007), in order to eliminate the risk of vulnerabilities,

Photo Essay The Pardoner The Canterbury Tales Example For Students

Photo Essay The Pardoner The Canterbury Tales In the prologue, The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer is about the pilgrimage of many different characters to Canterbury. Chaucer writes about the characters personalities and their place on the social ladder. The Monk and the Parson are examples of how Chaucer covered the spectrum of personalities. The Monk is self-centered, while the Parson cares for the sick and poor. In The Canterbury Tales, the Monk acts like he is part of the upper class of society. He is very tan, he likes to hunt, and he has horses. All of these traits are symbols of wealth and prestige. His palfrey was as brown as is a berry. (P 120 line 211) This shows that the Monk spends a lot of time outside, only men who are wealthy can afford to relax or hunt outside. Hunters are not considered holy men because they kill for entertainment and pleasure. The common man spends his day working for what little wages he can earn. The Monk also had horses, which is another sign of wealth. This Monk was therefore a good man to horse; (p 120 line 193) Very few men in that period had enough time to learn and ride horses. All of these extravagancies are against the oath the Monk took for the Church. The Monk was also lazy and disliked working. Monks, in general, are hard working and are willing to help the less fortunate. The Monk also ignored the monastic rules set up by St. Benedict. The Rule of good St. Benet or St. MaurAs old and strict he tended to ignore;P 120, lines 177-178This shows that the Monk is interested in the pleasures of life, and not his duty as a monk. He is worthless in the eyes of Chaucer and he dislikes the Monk very much. The Parson was a poor man who gave what little he could to the other poor people of his town. He knew the teachings of the Bible and Christ, and preached to whoever was willing to listen. He followed the Bible in life and he believed that a priest must be trustworthy. He led by example for all of the other people in town by not having a rich life and still living happily. This noble example to his sheep he gave,And it was from the gospel he had caught it. (P 129 Lines 506-507)The Parson never looked for recognition or glory for his choice of lifestyle. He was very low key and was willing to help someone no matter what the weather conditions were. The Parson was very generous with what little he had. Giving to poor parishioners round aboutFrom his own goods and Easter offerings. He found sufficiency in little things. This proves again that he is good-natured and loving. He is a Good Samaritan and has a compassionate soul. In the Prologue of The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer shows preference toward the Parson because he makes him a wholesome, well rounded, sympathetic person. The Monk, on the other hand, is disliked tremendously by Chaucer. Chaucer displays him as self-righteous, pompous, and ignorant toward the feelings of others. Chaucer shows his opinions by writing about the characters lifestyles and their personalities

The Kite Runner By F. Scott Fitzgerald example Essay Example For Students

The Kite Runner By F. Scott Fitzgerald example Essay The life we are given influences what we do, but it is up to us to decide our future.Innocence can mean purity, virginity, naivety, or lack of knowledge. These different definitions are diverse, but four characters in The Kite Runner embody one or more of these definitions of innocence: Amir, Assef, Hassan, and Sohrab. The life we are given influences what we do, but is up to us to decide our future. In The Kite Runner, we can easily identify the protagonist and the antagonist. Amir, the protagonist, grows to fit the hero archetype when he learns to be selfless and saves Sohrab. Initially, Amir is an innocent boy who acts according to the life he was given. He is privileged and a Pashtun, and his actions reflect these qualities. Amir grows and learns how to be independant and how to be someone who can be depended upon. Amir starts his quest of redemption when he returns to Afghanistan. He wants â€Å"to be good again† (2). We will write a custom essay on The Kite Runner By F. Scott Fitzgerald example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now On his quest, Amir faces many challenges that could easily force a man to give up. He has a life in America which could be destroyed because of the dangers of Afghanistan. Memories of his past sins keep coming back during his quest, but ultimately, he becomes the hero and goes on this perilous journey, knowing he may not be able to finish the quest. His new found courage also fits Amir into the warrior archetype. He had to sacrifice his safety to fight for Sohrab’s freedom and redeem himself. As the hero of the story, Amir is a figure that readers have a strong bond with. They rally for him or criticize his actions, but in the end they want him to succeed. Maybe a bit too long. Good ideas though and Memories of his past may be repetitive create a sentence before jumping into assef to create smooth transition. .eone who he could trust and put his faith in. He trusts Amir enough to ask him: â€Å"Will God put me in hell for what I did to that man?† (318). This shows that he is still innocent despite all he has been through. Very quickly, however, whatever innocence he had left was again robbed. Amir promised Sohrab he would not put Sohrab in an orphanage again, but later tells Sohrab that he may have to stay at an orphanage. The one person Sohrab thought he could count on betrayed him, and he just could not take it anymore. (yes but explain how explain perspective) It is devastating that a child could be harmed and abused so badly to a point where they would turn to suicide as their only option to release them from their suffering. Although Amir tried to rescue Sohrab from suffering, he happened to be the final straw. (bit more commentary and smoother transitions and you got it)

Free Essays on Chad Whisnant

The Long Route Home: On July 25, 1946, two young black couples- Roger and Dorothy Malcom, George and Mae Murray Dorsey-were killed by a lynch mob at the Moore’s Ford Bridge over the Appalachee River connecting Walton and Oconee Counties (Brooks, 1). The four victims were tied up and shot hundreds of times in broad daylight by a mob of unmasked men; murder weapons included rifles, shotguns, pistols, and a machine gun. â€Å"Shooting a black person was like shooting a deer,† George Dorsey’s nephew, George Washington Dorsey said (Suggs C1). It has been over fifty years and this case is still unsolved by police investigators. It is known that there were atleast a dozen men involved in these killings. Included in the four that were known by name was Loy Harrison. Loy Harrison may not have been an obvious suspect to the investigators, but Harrison was the sole perpetrator in the unsolved Moore’s Ford Lynching case. The motive appeared to be hatred and the crime hurt the image of the state leaving the town in an outrage due to the injustice that left the victims in unmarked graves (Jordon,31). Many African Americans lived on farms and tended for white landowners. Bob Hester was a landowner, on this farm the Moore’s Ford Lynching began. On July 14, Roger Malcom followed Dorothy Malcom to Hester’s farm, Roger was arguing with her. According to the original FBI report, Hunter 2 Hester’s son, Barney, told Malcom to leave. As he was leaving a fight broke out between Malcom and Hester. Malcom then pulled out a knife and stabbed Hester in the chest. The reason for the argument is uncertain although at that time Barney Hester may have been having an affair with Dorothy Malcom. One of the neighbors said that the black community felt it had more to do with sex than anything else did (Suggs,C1). After the fight broke out, Barney Hester was taken to the hospital and Roger Malcom was taken to jail. On the morning before the lynching s, Harrison d... Free Essays on Chad Whisnant Free Essays on Chad Whisnant The Long Route Home: On July 25, 1946, two young black couples- Roger and Dorothy Malcom, George and Mae Murray Dorsey-were killed by a lynch mob at the Moore’s Ford Bridge over the Appalachee River connecting Walton and Oconee Counties (Brooks, 1). The four victims were tied up and shot hundreds of times in broad daylight by a mob of unmasked men; murder weapons included rifles, shotguns, pistols, and a machine gun. â€Å"Shooting a black person was like shooting a deer,† George Dorsey’s nephew, George Washington Dorsey said (Suggs C1). It has been over fifty years and this case is still unsolved by police investigators. It is known that there were atleast a dozen men involved in these killings. Included in the four that were known by name was Loy Harrison. Loy Harrison may not have been an obvious suspect to the investigators, but Harrison was the sole perpetrator in the unsolved Moore’s Ford Lynching case. The motive appeared to be hatred and the crime hurt the image of the state leaving the town in an outrage due to the injustice that left the victims in unmarked graves (Jordon,31). Many African Americans lived on farms and tended for white landowners. Bob Hester was a landowner, on this farm the Moore’s Ford Lynching began. On July 14, Roger Malcom followed Dorothy Malcom to Hester’s farm, Roger was arguing with her. According to the original FBI report, Hunter 2 Hester’s son, Barney, told Malcom to leave. As he was leaving a fight broke out between Malcom and Hester. Malcom then pulled out a knife and stabbed Hester in the chest. The reason for the argument is uncertain although at that time Barney Hester may have been having an affair with Dorothy Malcom. One of the neighbors said that the black community felt it had more to do with sex than anything else did (Suggs,C1). After the fight broke out, Barney Hester was taken to the hospital and Roger Malcom was taken to jail. On the morning before the lynching s, Harrison d...

Can a Recruiter Help You Find the Perfect Healthcare Job

Can a Recruiter Help You Find the Perfect Healthcare Job Graduation is over, and now you are looking for a job in health care. There are jobs available. and your credentials are great. Getting the job is one third training, one third hard work and one third moxie. Looking to people who are trained to put you in the job market may seem like a good idea. Many recruiters have a background in human resources and the contacts that are necessary to find work. However, having a recruiter is not for everyone, and deciding where you fit in is key. Needing a RecruiterNot everyone needs a recruiter. There are great job search sites available that let you search for yourself. Jobs that are more complex might benefit from a recruiter’s input. Deciding whether it is right for you takes forethought.Connecting With Your RecruiterFinding a recruiter that wants to know what you want in a job, how you feel about doing the work you do and what sort of work/life balance you are looking for is essential. This is a two-way street; however, and keeping you r recruiter informed and up to date is important. A good recruiter will answer your questions honestly no matter if the truth is difficult to take. If a recruiter treats you professionally, that is a plus. If the recruiter becomes aggressive on the phone, it is not a good sign.Looking for the Right RecruiterChecking out a recruiter can be done online. Looking at the recruiter’s website may tell you how successful he or she is. Many recruiters will post a client list and where they found jobs for their clients. Although some health care jobs are attained by promoting from within, not all companies do that. Finding a recruiter who knows people at a hospital might mean that when a job for which you are qualified becomes available, the recruiter will hear about it early on and mention it to you.Getting referrals for a recruiter is a good idea. Friends, family or a source book helps you choose. Send your resume to several recruiters, then call them. This gives you and the recruite r an introduction to one another, and it’s simpler to see how well you sync with them.Determine the Recruiter’s EmployerThere are two types of recruiters: internal and external. An internal recruiter works directly for a company. It’s easy to spot since their email will most likely note that. Remember, this type of recruiter is like meeting with corporate, so dress and act appropriately for a meeting. External recruiters usually work for a recruiting company. Other external recruiters are independent, and checking out their experience and training is necessary.Check to See If the Recruiter Is ReputableChecking out the recruiter is easier than many job seekers think. Looking at the recruiter’s credentials or on LinkedIn might give you an idea how long he or she has been in business. It can also reveal a history of working with different companies, and the jobs the recruiter might have available. Remember, a recruiter does not try to find jobs for someone s eeking employment. Rather, a recruiter tries to find the right employee for a particular job. Sometimes, recruiters work on commission, causing them to become aggressive, which could dash the job seeker’s employment chances. Ask the recruiter about their experience and how often a job match was found for employers and employees. It’s also important to find out if the recruiter is representing an employer directly or is trying to approach an employer with candidates.Choosing TheJobNetwork is one way to search for jobs without complications. Whether you are looking for health care jobs or others, this job search site works for you 24/7 as it searches through job listings until it finds jobs that meet your wishes and job skills. This free job search platform makes sure you receive an email notice of jobs as soon as the opportunity becomes available.

Can a Recruiter Help You Find the Perfect Healthcare Job

Can a Recruiter Help You Find the Perfect Healthcare Job Graduation is over, and now you are looking for a job in health care. There are jobs available. and your credentials are great. Getting the job is one third training, one third hard work and one third moxie. Looking to people who are trained to put you in the job market may seem like a good idea. Many recruiters have a background in human resources and the contacts that are necessary to find work. However, having a recruiter is not for everyone, and deciding where you fit in is key. Needing a RecruiterNot everyone needs a recruiter. There are great job search sites available that let you search for yourself. Jobs that are more complex might benefit from a recruiter’s input. Deciding whether it is right for you takes forethought.Connecting With Your RecruiterFinding a recruiter that wants to know what you want in a job, how you feel about doing the work you do and what sort of work/life balance you are looking for is essential. This is a two-way street; however, and keeping you r recruiter informed and up to date is important. A good recruiter will answer your questions honestly no matter if the truth is difficult to take. If a recruiter treats you professionally, that is a plus. If the recruiter becomes aggressive on the phone, it is not a good sign.Looking for the Right RecruiterChecking out a recruiter can be done online. Looking at the recruiter’s website may tell you how successful he or she is. Many recruiters will post a client list and where they found jobs for their clients. Although some health care jobs are attained by promoting from within, not all companies do that. Finding a recruiter who knows people at a hospital might mean that when a job for which you are qualified becomes available, the recruiter will hear about it early on and mention it to you.Getting referrals for a recruiter is a good idea. Friends, family or a source book helps you choose. Send your resume to several recruiters, then call them. This gives you and the recruite r an introduction to one another, and it’s simpler to see how well you sync with them.Determine the Recruiter’s EmployerThere are two types of recruiters: internal and external. An internal recruiter works directly for a company. It’s easy to spot since their email will most likely note that. Remember, this type of recruiter is like meeting with corporate, so dress and act appropriately for a meeting. External recruiters usually work for a recruiting company. Other external recruiters are independent, and checking out their experience and training is necessary.Check to See If the Recruiter Is ReputableChecking out the recruiter is easier than many job seekers think. Looking at the recruiter’s credentials or on LinkedIn might give you an idea how long he or she has been in business. It can also reveal a history of working with different companies, and the jobs the recruiter might have available. Remember, a recruiter does not try to find jobs for someone s eeking employment. Rather, a recruiter tries to find the right employee for a particular job. Sometimes, recruiters work on commission, causing them to become aggressive, which could dash the job seeker’s employment chances. Ask the recruiter about their experience and how often a job match was found for employers and employees. It’s also important to find out if the recruiter is representing an employer directly or is trying to approach an employer with candidates.Choosing TheJobNetwork is one way to search for jobs without complications. Whether you are looking for health care jobs or others, this job search site works for you 24/7 as it searches through job listings until it finds jobs that meet your wishes and job skills. This free job search platform makes sure you receive an email notice of jobs as soon as the opportunity becomes available.

Military discourse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Military discourse - Essay Example It is inevitable rivalries will arise due to the intense competitive and fighting spirit of all military personnel that results from the very nature of their jobs. In this regard, this paper will examine some of the unique military discourses of the Ground Forces of the Army to which I belonged. The Ground Forces of any armed forces is usually the biggest and most well-funded unit of the military service of a country. This is because it forms the bulk of military personnel needed to fight a war which is usually fought on land. Because of their size, members of the Ground Forces feel a sense of entitlement and priority when it comes to military appropriation for their budget such as that used for the acquisition of weaponry. The nature of war makes it imperative for a military unit to be flexible which is why it happens there is an overlap of the functions of each service. When this happens, rivalries arise due to encroachment of functions and a threat to a service branchs primary responsibilities. The rivalry can intensify to a point of being destructive such as a lack of cooperation although it can improve the esprit de corps. Obedience – being a member of the Ground Forces, I was witness to many of its rules regarding military discipline to maintain unit cohesion. Discipline is the backbone by which the ranked hierarchy is being reinforced daily through total obedience. Discipline is instilled in all recruits right from the very beginning, at the start of their training. The most important rule to remember is the notion of â€Å"obey first before you complain† which is second nature to every military person.

German Photomontage in 1920s and 1930s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

German Photomontage in 1920s and 1930s - Essay Example Hoch was raised in a conventional, middle-class, small-town family. She moved to Berlin during World War I to study art and work for a women's magazine. It was during these years that she became a member f Berlin Dada. She showed her works regularly with the Dada group but did not establish an international reputation as an artist until after the Dada movement had fallen apart. Cut With The Kitchen Knife includes more than 150 illustrations f works Hoch created during 1918-1933, the Weimar years. Hoch assembled her montages by selecting photographs f women from illustrated print sources and juxtaposing them with fragments f scenes from Weimar and German colonial society. Readers will be intrigued by the surprising even shocking compositions which combine the pleasure f viewing mass media images with critical, even destructive feelings about the subject matter. Maud Lavin offers both interpretation and critical analysis f these montages. (Freud 1955, 145-72) Unless you're very knowledgeable, German art in the twentieth century has been done by men, and German women in the twentieth century have been reduced to the equation Woman=Nature, to child-like whores or to old whores, or the scary, brittle, maneating New German Woman. Masks. What a delight to discover the work f Hannah Hoch (1889-1978). The Walker Art Center has mounted an exhibition f her photomontages which will travel from there to the Museum f Modern Art and to the Los Angeles County Museum f Art. The Photo-montages f Hannah Hoch is the catalogue for the exhibition. "Photomontage" (associated with the German word montieren, to assemble or to fit,) was used by the Berlin Dadaists to describe their piecing together f photographic and typographic sources, usually cut from the printed mass media. The Dadaists enjoyed the mechanica--and proletarian--connotations f the term and used it to distinguish their work from Cubist collage. Although Hannah Hoch worked in other media--useful black and white reproductions f her drawings and oil paintings accompany the text--all her work contained the elements she perfected in the photomontages she made for nearly sixty years. (Burgin 1982, 177-216) The obligatory scholarly essays describing Hoch's life and work are inoffensive and useful But the colour plates are glorious. One hundred and nine reproductions are accompanied by a brief bit f text commenting on a play f words in the tide f a work or providing an historical detail or biographical sketch f a ballerina or industrialist or describing how the original mass media sources were manipulated by the artist. This detail, small colour reproductions f the original sources, conveys the creativity f the curators f this catalogue. Showing how a reproduction f drapery from an advertisement was cut, fumed on its side, and conjoled into becoming waves on the surface f water is magic. Somehow words, the right words, said about a work f art make the work f art visible. Magic. The Photomontages, naturally, conveys the same old sad story f the boys refusing to acknowledge that a girl had played in

The ministry of education Essay Example for Free

The ministry of education Essay The popular image of Japan as a homogeneous and harmonious is not nearly as valid as it seems. The aspects of Japan which could be argued are of this nature are enforced by both Western media and the impressions that Japanese society and media gives out. Japanese society has always strived and aspired toward this ideal, to such an extent, that an impressive illusion of homogeneity and harmony has been created. This is probably not something which many native Japanese consciously consider; it is more likely that many of them believe the illusion as much as Westerners do. There is a great deal of cultural diversity in Japan, which, although greatly increased in the post-war period, was previously more heterogeneous than one might initially imagine. Likewise, the impression of harmony which Japan emits is quite far from the truth in more than a few aspects of society. One of the more recent examples of this conflict within Japanese society is the intermittent uproar over the politicized nature of the school system. Some see Japan as a land of opposites and contrast. From the ancient temples in the middle of nowhere to the gargantuan glass skyscrapers which tower over the metropolis that is Tokyo. The farmer and the city businessman. The fantastic technological advancements which come from a culture which still adheres closely to ancient traditions and rituals (some of which have been assimilated from other cultures, especially the Chinese). However, the Japanese illusion of homogeneity still holds relatively fast over this school of thought. This is because society itself endeavours to impresses a sense of group effort over the entire nation. This means that an employee in Japan has a greater understanding of the role he or she fills within at least their immediate sphere of work environment. The idea of this is to encourage employees to work for the benefit of the group (essentially, the nation) and not for their own personal gain. The society of today views Japan as a country of strong culture and a disciplined and uniform nature. The Japanese workforce is thought of as hardworking, loyal and verging on selfless when it comes to personal (or family related) sacrifice if required. This applies primarily to the Japanese white collar office workers (sarariman), but a similar work ethic is preferred in almost all occupations. Japanese women are generally portrayed as motherly housewives; they appear to play a relatively small part in the business world and are equally not directly very active in political matters. Those few Japanese women who have been recognised as beneficial to their society and culture have been affiliated with the arts. Japanese family life is viewed as at worst amicable. The offspring are obedient and seem happy to learn about and follow the culture and traditions of the previous generations. Japanese schooling has proven to be one of the most successful educational styles to date. The Japanese have always put a great emphasis on formal learning, students most often simply memorising information parrot-fashion. Although very different to Western schooling where far more free thought is promoted, Japanese schooling seems very effective for them. With ninety-four percent of students attending senior high school and around a third of these going on to higher education, Japanese Universities turn out a sizeable number of graduates on an annual basis. If you were to ask a random inhabitant of a Western nation what comes to mind when they think of Japan, youll probably get answers along the lines of: Samurai, sushi, sumo and sake. Geishas and gadgets, chopsticks and haikus. Bonsai trees and the expertly crafted gardens which come hand in hand with them Certainly, these are elements of Japanese culture, but they are by no means as prominent within society as we are led to believe (chopsticks excluded). For example, there are incredibly few genuine Geisha girls. They have become a piece of heritage which has faded in both functionality and popularity since the technological boom hit Japan. The aforementioned sarariman model is one of the prime images the Japanese choose to utilise to promote their nation in the eyes of the world. Seen as something of the epitome of homogeneity and harmony, the life of the sarariman is very much orientated around his career. Putting his work before his family, the office worker is looked after very well by his employers if he performs well. Businesses help their employees by finding them accommodation, lending money and even going as far as to set some of them up with wives. As a result of this, the sarariman do not get much chance to spend time with their families, overtime will often if not always be worked where needed and should you be required to transfer department, quite often the families would be left behind. The companies do this in an attempt to increase the employees dependence on the company so they are less likely to seek employment elsewhere which is practically impossible to do. Many firms are reluctant to employ anyone who has left another firm, especially straight onto the same wage. This seems to be something of an unwritten law amongst businesses designed to keep ones employees faithful to the company. most Japanese tend to work in one job or for one firm for their entire lives. Again, this reinforces the group ethic which the Japanese government seems to be so eager to impress. History textbooks (particularly concerning the 20th Century war periods) are something of tomes of propaganda which, instead of presenting facts and deriving opinions from such facts, the opposite is done. That is, to present a take on a historical event and then to attempt to support this usually biased view with carefully chosen statistics. The Japanese seem very reluctant to admit to mistakes from their past, and have gone as far as to pass a law which states that all educational textbooks must be approved by the Ministry of Education.

Oedipus The King :: Oedipus Rex, Sophocles

Oedipus The King; Did the prophecy cause his destiny?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Undoubtedly there has been a tremendous amount of speculation and dissection of this play by countless people throughout the ages. I can only draw my own conclusions as to what Sophocles intended the meaning of his play to be. The drama included a number of horrific and unthinkable moral and ethical dilemas, but I believe that was what made the play so interesting and that is exactly the way Sophocles intended it to be. The play was obviously meant to entertain and portray the author’s own insight. The underlying theme to the play is that no man should know his own destiny, it will become his undoing. This knowledge of things to come was presented to both Laius and Oedipus in the form of prophecies well in advance of it coming to be. The prophecies told of things that were so morally disturbing that they both aggressively did everything in their power to try and stop them from coming true. The story begins with Oedipus at the height of power as King of Theb es. His kingdom has encountered rough times and he has sent his nobleman Creon to seek help from the god Apollo to restore his land. Creon tells Oedipus that he must find the murderer of the previous King Laius and by finding this man and banishing him, his land will be restored. The murder occurred some time ago and King Oedipus sends for the seer Theiresias with his powers of prophecy to aid in the search for the murderer. Sophocles cleverly projects his feelings on wisdom and knowledge through Teirsias when he says â€Å"Alas, how terrible is wisdom when it brings no profit to the man that’s wise!†(23) Teirsias knows that this terrible prophecy has already been set into motion and the damage has already been done. There is really no point in telling it to Oedipus because it will only cause more harm than good. Oedipus provokes Teirsias into telling him the prophecy, â€Å" à  tell you, king, this man, this murderer-he is here. In name he is a stranger among citiz ens but soon he will be shown to be a citizen true native Theban, and he’ll have no joy of the discovery: blindness for sight and beggary for riches his exchange, he shall go journeying to a foreign country tapping his way befor him with a stick.

Plato And Augustin Essay

1) WHAT IS PLATO’S ATTITUDE TOWARD THE BODY? (300 Words) http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/symposium.html   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Plato’s work SYMPOSIUM there is much subtext to be found under the surface of what seems like a marginally focused conversation among several individuals. What is unique about this work is that within the random bits of dialogue put forth there is a certain unique cohesion that presents itself. That cohesion is present in the way in which the random gives way to the logical and nothing is more evident of this than what is found within Plato’s concept of the body.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The body, at first, refers to the physical appearance of an individual. This physical appearance provides the basis for attraction for a loved one. However, this attraction is very vapid and indicative of a surface level understanding of the individual. However, physical attraction is a strong emotion and while this attraction is devoid of depth it does give way to quantity. In other words, when physical attraction is all that matters to an individual then happiness derives from simply associating with more and more attractive bodies. This is about as vapid of a series of human relationships as one could possibly involve oneself. It also bases relationships on errant randomness as an individual simply bounces from one attractive person to the other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Where Plato does redeem the image of the body is in the way he presents it as a conduit to deeper meaning. In other words, while there is a certain randomness and banality to chasing beauty this chase can lead one to a partner who offers far more than merely what the body offers. Looks then become the conduit to true love, intellectual stimulation or a combination of both. This way the randomness found in the search for the best body merely acts as a transitory function in the sense that it eventually leads to the cohesiveness of a deep relationship. Well, hopefully anyway. 2) HOW DOES AUGUSTINE VIEW HUMAN NATURE? (300 WORDS) http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf102.iv.XII.1.html   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The relationship between God and God’s subordinates has been debated for many years. Much of this debate derives from the fact that there has never been a definitive statement on what God truly intended from those whom God created. As such, much has been left to speculation and interpretation. Regarding human nature, St. Augustine examines the flaws inherent with such nature and links these flaws with fluctuations inherent with reason.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To a great degree, Augustine notes that it is human nature to be flawed and much of this derives from reason. Augustine is clear to point out that there are a number of factors which separate humans from lesser beings and that while all things created from God are good humans have the capacity to deviate from natural order due to reason and passion. Hence, they can be prone to errors in judgment whereas lesser animals are not. Hence, human nature has the capacity for improvement but it also has the capacity to great harm to the self or others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Augustine points out that often people will use God as a crutch. That is, because it is human nature to draw value from the external many will see themselves as weak and â€Å"cleave to God† because it is God that gives them strength, God that gives them reason, etc. This, however, diminishes the value of the human as the reliance of the self is gone. So, while this cleaving to God may have noble intentions (seek advice from the higher power) it is actually a sign of weakness and a rejection of the free will God has provided. Hence, it represents another aspect of the flawed nature of humanity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Granted, while Augustine views human nature as a flawed entity he does equate flawed with bad. Flawed simply is the state of human nature and is neither good nor bad. It is simply the natural order of things.

Assignment 2 for General Linguistics Essay

I. Chapter 6: SEMANTICS: The study of meaning and denotation EXERCISE 8 (page 224) a. A second is part of a minute A minute is part of an hour An hour is part of a day * A second is a part of an hour, and it is also a part of a day. It is a transitive relation because a minute, an hour and a day express the same thing which is Time. b. The toenail is part of the toe The toe is part of the foot. The foot is part of the leg * The toenail is part of the leg. It is also a transitive relation because leg, foot, toe and even toenail are parts of body. c. Henry’s toe is part of Henry Henry is part of the 23rd Battalion But Henry’s toe is not part of the 23rd Battalion. * It is not a transitive relation because Henry’s toe is only a part of his body, it cannot represent as Henry as the whole. II. Chapter 9: PRAGMATICS: The study of language use and communication EXERCISE 7 (page 250) The sentence I promise I will call the police if you don’t quiet down is not literally and directly used to promise nor warn. According to the theories of Bach and Harnish 1979, Recanati 1987, this sentence is not directly used to promise but rather are directly used to do what declarative sentences normally do – declare or state. It is only indirectly used to promise and warn. The sentence I promise I will call the police if you don’t quiet down is used directly to state or declare that the speaker is promising, and indirectly it is used to promise that the speaker will call the police if someone doesn’t quiet down and warn that the speaker will call the police if someone doesn’t quiet down. In my opinion, this sentence tends to be used as a warn more than a promise. EXERCISE 10 (page 10) a. A rolling stone gathers no moss Meaning: This proverb refers to a person who does not settle down is not attached to anything or anyone. If a person never stays in one place, he or she never â€Å"gathers† or gets attached to things or people. Moss grows on stones which have been on the ground for many years, so a stone which rolls cannot grow moss. The saying is † A rolling stone gathers no moss. † It means if you keep moving and learning that you don’t just sit there becoming a couch potato. It is true a rolling stone gathers no moss but only overtime. At the begging of the rock rolling then it will gather moss, but overtime it will lose all the moss it has gained. The term ‘rolling stone’ commonly refers to a person who is frequently changing his work or profession. Just as a stone that is continually rolling doesn’t gather any moss on it, similarly a person who is constantly changing his occupation doesn’t succeed in any achievement. Acquisition of wealth or learning or experience requires time and steady prolonged application of energy to some tasks. On the other hand one who is constantly chopping and changing will never become wealthy or learned or experienced. He will merely be dissipating his energies and will get nowhere. The popular fable of the farmer who dug many shallow wells in his farm in search of water is a fine illustration. Had he dug deep at one place, he would have definitely found water. By being ‘a rolling stone’ few people accomplish their goals. In today’s world of breakneck competition, migratory birds stand absolutely no chance. It is by working at a place, putting in constant labour that one earns a reputation and recognition. The intended message: This adverb can be understood as an advice to people â€Å" You should worl single-mindedly at one work. You shouln’t change your work so frequently†. b. Look before you leap Meaning: This proverb simply means that you must think before you act. Before you do something (or â€Å"leap† into something) you must consider the consequences (or â€Å"look†) of your actions. The intented message: â€Å"Be careful! † c. A stitch in time saves nine. Meaning: This proverb tells that timely effort will prevent more work later. A little preventative maintenance can eliminate the need for repairs later. This proverb warns us against neglecting small faults or imperfections which may lead to further damage or increased problems later. â€Å"A stitch in time saves nine† advises us to realize the value of time management and that small things do make a big difference. We should all learn that it is best to work diligently, consciensciously, and carefully while using our time wisely and efficiently. The intended message: â€Å"Do it now, don’t wait till it’s too late†

5 Free Alternatives to Microsoft Word

5 Free Alternatives to Microsoft Word 5 Free Alternatives to Microsoft Word Microsoft Word is the undisputed champion of modern word processing. Sure, some Apple fans are loyal to Pages. And Corel WordPerfect is still a thing. But Microsoft Word is the world’s most widely used word processor, found in homes, schools, and offices everywhere. What if you can’t afford or don’t like Word, though? Good news! There are other word processors available, so check out our list of five free alternatives to Microsoft Word to find a program that suits your needs. 1. Google Docs If any program can challenge Microsoft Word for its crown, it will be Google Docs. All you need is a Google account in order to write, format, and share documents. It’s also simple, free, and lets you download documents in multiple file formats, including DOC and DOCX. Google Docs is linked directly to Google Drive, too, so it autosaves your work with every keystroke. Another advantage of being online is collaborative working, as multiple users can edit a single shared document at the same time, saving the hassle of sending drafts back and forth. 2. LibreOffice Writer If you have used Microsoft Word for a while, LibreOffice Writer should feel reassuringly familiar. And if you’re one of those people who really hate the ribbon in MS Word, you may even prefer it! LibreOffice is, after all, a set of open-source programs that mimics the general appearance and functions of the Microsoft Office suite. Except it’s free. Which is always appealing. Currently, LibreOffice Writer offers most of the features and formatting options you find in MS Word. It uses the OpenDocument Format (ODF) file extension by default, but it also supports other documents formats, including DOC, DOCX, and RTF, so compatibility shouldn’t be an issue. 3. WPS Writer Part of the WPS Office suite, WPS Writer offers more in-built features than any other free word processor. The user interface is also closer to the modern version of Microsoft Word than most open-source word processors. Consequently, WPS Writer is ideal for those who want something as close to MS Word as possible without the hefty price tag. One notable downside is that the free version comes with adverts. These won’t bother you most of the time, but they will pop up when you use certain features (e.g., printing or exporting files). To get rid of the adverts in WPS Writer, you will have to upgrade to a paid version. 4. Apache OpenOffice Writer For Apache OpenOffice Writer, we can mostly point to the description of LibreOffice Writer above. They are similar in most respects, such as the user interface and features they offer. And this is because LibreOffice was originally based on the OpenOffice source code. Nowadays, some consider OpenOffice limited in some respects (e.g., it will let you save a document as a DOC file, but not as a DOCX file). But OpenOffice Writer remains one of the most popular, cost-free alternatives to Microsoft Word that you should try if LibreOffice isn’t quite to your liking. 5. Microsoft Word Online The last of our free alternatives to Microsoft Word is†¦ Microsoft Word. Well, to be specific, it is Microsoft Word Online, a free version of Microsoft’s word processing giant accessed via your web browser. This is great if you just want the basics, but it is a very limited version of MS Word. It doesn’t include advanced formatting options such as adding a table of contents, for instance. And while it supports DOC, DOCX, and even ODT files, it does not work with RTF files or other document formats. As such, this is mainly useful for existing MS Word users who need to work on a document when they’re away from their computer, as you can switch between the online and desktop versions easily. But if you’re looking for a professional word processor, you may need to pay for the full version.

Quotes of Alexander Graham Bell

Quotes of Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell was the inventor who was first to patent a successful telephone apparatus and later commercializes a domestic telephone network. To quote Alexander Graham Bell, we have to start with the first voice message ever transmitted, which was, Mr. Watson - come here - I want to see you. Watson was Bells assistant at the time and the quote was the first sound of a voice ever transmitted by electricity. Alexander Graham Bell Quotes Wherever you may find the inventor, you may give him wealth or you may take from him all that he has; and he will go on inventing. He can no more help inventing that he can help thinking or breathing. The inventor looks upon the world and is not contented with things as they are. He wants to improve whatever he sees, he wants to benefit the world; he is haunted by an idea. The spirit of invention possesses him, seeking materialization. Great discoveries and improvements invariably involve the cooperation of many minds. I may be given credit for having blazed the trail, but when I look at the subsequent developments I feel the credit is due to others rather than to myself. When one door closes, another door opens; but we so often look so long and regretfully upon the closed door, that we do not see the ones which open for us. What this power is I cannot say; all I know is that it exists and it becomes available only when a man is in that state of mind in which he knows exactly what he wants and is fully determined not to quit until he finds it. America is a country of inventors, and the greatest of inventors are the newspaper men. The final result of our researches has widened the class of substances sensitive to light vibrations until we can propound the fact of such sensitiveness being a general property of all matter. Perseverance must have some practical end, or it does not avail the man possessing it. A person without a practical end in view becomes a crank or an idiot. Such persons fill our asylums. A man, as a general rule, owes very little to what he is born with – a man is what he makes of himself. Concentrate all of your thoughts upon the work at hand. The sun’s rays do not burn until brought to a focus. The most successful men, in the end, are those whose success is the result of steady accretion. Watson, if I can get a mechanism which will make a current of electricity vary in its intensity, as the air varies in density when a sound is passing through it, I can telegraph any sound, even the sound of speech.​ I then shouted into the mouthpiece the following sentence: Mr. Watson, Come here, I want to see you. To my delight, e came and declared that he had heard and understood what I said. I asked him to repeat the words. He answered, You said, Mr. Watson, come here I want to see you.

Staffing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Staffing - Assignment Example inion of the employees towards work and the work place enhanced to increase the productivity due to the determination of the company to attain its goals (David, Steve, and Ron, 78). The programs are implementable and yield more economical returns in contrast to the required input. The plan also focuses on all the required sectors of the organization to achieve motivation across all sectors of the company. The leaders in each area of the company provided with plans to facilitate their operations. The company occasionally provides training to its leaders to improve the management and leadership function within the company. Whenever a change of leadership methods employed occurs the company embraces he change and implements it within an appropriate timeline. The companys human resource operates on guidelines to ensure productivity and relevance of human resource practices. The company works at enhancing its public image through the production of goods that are customer oriented and providing value added services to its consumers. Enhancing the public image targets at improving the image of the company by the provision of satisfactory services. The main facilitator for improving the image of the company is through the social media. The plan puts into consideration the reservations of the customer as in order to avoid resistance to change. The company provides continuous training to its employees to ensure that the employees are conversant with the ever-changing methods employed in the production process. Although the training occurs occasionally, the company ensures that the relevant knowledge required in the production is available to employees. The workers have the liberty to join unions, and they voice their concerns through the unions. The unions facilitate the collective bargaining by employees. The strategy is to have all the employees under a similar trade union to reduce conflicts. Although the desired plan to improve the association with the unions, this

The use of free radicals in the treatment of disease Literature review

The use of free radicals in the treatment of disease - Literature review Example For example, they can react with other molecules (M1) and steal an electron from them. The reacting radical (R1.) transforms into a ground state molecule (M2) and the formation of a new radical takes place (R2.)(Scheme 1) ( Fieser and Fieser, 1966 ). Scheme 1: Typical reaction of radicals (Nesmeianov and Nesmeianov, 1970). The first type of free radicals is thermodynamically unstable particles. These are the molecular fragments similar in structure to CH3. ,C2H5. and their derivatives. Next, atoms with one unpaired atom also fall under the definition of radicals. For example, H. ,Na. ,Cl. . And the last group of radicals are the thermodynamically stable radicals. As an example of this group triarylmethyl (a) and semiquinones (b) can be put forward (Scheme 2). Stabilisation of the radical in these structures are realised through delocalisation of the unpaired electron. Nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2) can also be classified as radicals as they possess an unpaired electron. Odd electron of th e hydrogen atom is an s electron. In case of chlorine, or any carbon based radical it is a p radical. Scheme 2: Triarylmethyl and semiquinones based radicals (Nesmeianov and Nesmeianov, 1970). If the radical is stable then it usually does not participate in the reactions described on scheme 1. Such radicals cannot sustain chain reactions but can stop them. They have the ability to remove free radicals from the system and consequently serve as inhibitors of chain reactions. All the described particles are paramagnetic due to their uncompensated spin, what can be detected using magnetic balance (in case of stable particles) or electron paramagnetic resonance (if the concentration of the studied compound is too small or it is unstable) (Nesmeianov and Nesmeianov, 1970). Free radicals have the ability to damage cells. Respiration and the immune system reaction to the infection are the ways which lead to generation of free radicals in the body. Environment factors, such as food, pollutan ts and drugs that are used, also contribute to the formation of radicals. Once produced, radicals damage lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and other tissue macromolecules. They also have been proven to play a major role in aging and lead to a series of diseases, including cancer. The amount of free radicals in the body is regulated through the use of antioxidants which donate an electron, thereby transform a free radical into a stable molecule. A number of enzymes are able to act as antioxidants, including catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. The list of antioxidants can be continued by mentioning selenium, beta-carotene and both vitamins C and E (Brown, 1999; Huang, 2000). Because of the mentioned destructive properties of free radicals they can be used to treat cancer. A number of methods utilises free radicals. The method that has been used for decades is radiation therapy. The first case of using radiation therapy in the USA is dated 1896 when Emil Grubbe use d X-rays to treat cancer. The discovery of radium and polonium in the end of the nineteenth century gave radiotherapy a push for further advancement. In the mid-1900s radium was substituted by radioactive caesium and cobalt. Later, with the development of various forms of tomography it became possible for physicians to selectively target tumours. This led to fewer side effects and more effective treatment. Depending on the position of the radiation source there are three types of

Saudi arabia cultuer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Saudi arabia cultuer - Essay Example The government in Saudi Arabia is focusing on encouraging womens education, and putting controls and conditions that contribute to teach all the necessary matters in women’s life and the community things of these women (Al-Rasheed, 2010). There are two types of schools in the different levels of education; the first type is a private school, and the second type is a public school. There are also two systems to study at the university; the first system is full time study, and the second system is distance learning. 1. The aim of girls’ education is breeding true Muslim behavior to carry out its mission in life that assists girls in being successful housewives. This makes them to be an ideal wife and a good mother, and become prepared to do what fits to the innate as a teachers, nursing and doctors. . 2. The state manages girls education by providing the necessary resources as much as possible to accommodate all students that are able to study. It also gives students the opportunity to learn different types of education that are appropriate to the nature of women and cover the country needs. In Saudi Arabia, girl’s education has different challenges that are faced in the education movement. The educational process aimed at women has become a competitor to other countries in the world. According to the official statistics report, the number of girls schools exceeded the number of boys schools, while the numbers of girls’ students of public education were more than two million students in various stages of public education (Al-Rasheed, 2010). That figure is nearly close to the number of male student. The official statistics issued by the Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia revealed that the number of parameters exceeded 250 thousand teachers in Saudi Arabia. This is an increase of 40 thousand teachers. This parameter is the number of male teachers in general education schools. These estimates shows that the rates of girls students was growing in

The Furniture Company Spark Furniture Marketing Essay

The Furniture Company Spark Furniture Marketing Essay Introduction This report is based on the furniture company Spark Furniture. This report helps us to assess the current strategy of our enterprise using internal and external analysis. External analysis of spark furniture will identify major factors affecting the industry in which it is operating and to relate its opportunities and capabilities. PESTEL, Michael Porters Five Forces framework and SWOT helps to examine the strategy of spark furniture. Company overview Spark furniture emerged by taking over a small enterprise dealing with furniture groups operating from couple of years. It went with a unique strategy of cost leadership. Its products are Bed, Sofa, Dining table, and Coffee table. It has the third highest market share in overall market segment. The company is well s and known for its lower unit cost and offers lower price than competitors. Strategy Strategic management is defined as The art and science of formulating, Implementing, and Evaluating cross functional decisions that enable an organization to achieve objectives. (Fred, 1999) The strategic position is concerned with the impact on strategy of the external environment, an organizations strategic capability (resources and competences) and the expectations and influence of stakeholders (Johnson et al., 2008). Strategy is the pattern or plan that integrates an Organizations major goals, Policies, and action sequence into cohesive whole (Henry et al., 2003). Goals: States what is to be achieved and when results are to be accomplished, But they do not state how the result are to be achieved. Major goals those that effect the entitys overall direction and viability are called strategic goals (Henry et al., 2003). Policies: policies are rules that express the limit within which organization action should occur. These rules always take the form of contingent decisions for resolving conflicts among specific objective. (Henry et al., 2003) The strong strategic position is an indicator of high profitability and growth. The strategic position of Spark Furniture can be understood by carrying out different analysis on its external and internal environmental factors, and understanding its capabilities. External environmental analysis The different layers of environment that affect the market trends can be classified as macro-environment, Industry, competitors and markets. The analysis of these layers will give a better understanding of factors affecting the performance of Spark Furniture. (Refer Appendix A) PESTEL In analyzing the macro-environment, it is important to identify the factors that might affect a number of essential variables that are likely to influence the organizations supply and demand levels and its costs. (Henry et al., 2003) The Pestle Analysis is used to analyze the factors prevailing in macro-environment which may or may not influence the business, but knowing them and understanding them will help in overcoming uncertainty. (Refer Appendix B) Political Factors: Government regulations like taxation, labor policy, and excise duties issues may be a threat, as these policies will change with the change in government. Recently increase in VAT by 20% led our sales to decrease we are trying to cut down prices and provide customers with their requirements with a reasonable and effective fair price keeping in mind both companies and customer interest. This would help Spark furniture to increase its sale. Recession also affected the companys market share. It reduced peoples earning and spending capacity. Environmental Factors: Furniture industry has a number of environmental impacts that are caused by humans. The emergence of environmental concern as one of the critical factors in strategic business planning indicates the growth of environmental movement in the market place (Menon et al., 1999). Spark furniture focuses on furniture reuse, Environmental disposal green transport and recycling the products which cannot be repaired. This becomes advantage to some extent as it is able to reach the people easily with eco-friendly sense. Social Factors: These refer to what is taking place socially in the markets in which it operate or expect to operate like cultural norms, Population growth rate, Age distribution, Global warming(Due to cutting down of trees). The changes in life style of the people and attitudes to work and leisure also persuade market share. Sometimes strikes affect the market share. In Spark furniture there was a transport strike as the labour union and the employers have not reached a new collective labour agreement. For this reason during 6th period only 70% of goods are delivered and during 7th period no goods are delivered because of which company has to suffer a share loss of -0.17%.(Refer Appendix C) Technical Factors: Change in trend throws a challenge in providing customers with latest trend in the market. But on the other hand this gives an opportunity to be a leader in the market if the trend is grabbed by using latest technology and brought it to customers. These factors can affect the cost, Quality and may lead to innovation. For example, development of online shopping is well established in the market and upgrading the manufacturing process will yield to high quality products. Economic Factors: Economic factors affect industries are Access to credit, Demand for goods, and Technological advancement. The main economic threat would be existing competitors in the market. Company had a loan of  £150,000.00. Interest rate may go up due to inflation in the market this could affect the supply chain due to shift in the cash flows. Spark furniture has successfully sold its entire inventory from last 6 periods at the cheapest price possible apart from its competitors. Legal factors: Spark furniture follows the rules and maintains the specific standards set by the law, so that there is no difference of interest. These factors can affect how a company operates, its costs, and the demand for its products. Also, as it is taken over an existing business, all the legal documentation must be verified thoroughly. Limitations of Pestle Analysis: As the external environment is changing constantly, PESTLE analysis should be done on the current market situations (Cambell et al., 2002). It is also essential to analyze the level to which PESTEL is applied. When considering companies such as Apple, Samsung, PepsiCo, Volvo and Disney it is important to consider that they have many different parts to their overall business they include many different divisions and in some cases many different brands. Porters five forces model Porters five forces is a framework for the industry analysis and business strategy development developed by Michael E. Porter in 1979. It draws upon economics of industries to derive five forces that determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a market. (Refer Appendix D) SWOT analysis An analysis of strengths weakness and opportunities threats has been drawn for Spark Furniture. (Refer Appendix E) SWOT analysis of Spark indicates where the company is good at and the areas of improvement. It helps as a planning tool to evaluate its strategic position and to relate it to its competitors (Basu, 2009). Stakeholder Mapping Stakeholder Map shows relationship of stakeholder individuals and groups to one another and finds out the role which each entity is playing. It also shows how an organisational environment must be navigated for successful implementation of change (Berkhout, 2002). Stakeholder Map of Spark Furniture is shown in Appendix F. Strategic group analysis Strategic groups are organisations within an industry with similar strategic characteristics, following similar strategies or competing on similar bases (Johnson et al., 2009). Strategic group analysis can be useful for the following: Understanding competition Deciding a Strategy In the Furniture sales world there exist many companies that try to be the market leaders by maximising their profits and expanding their market share. Spark Furniture is accompanied by other competitors like Leaf furnishing and Green furnishing. The identical strategies like cost leadership, differentiation, focus or stuck in the middle could be followed by these companies because most of the furniture companies deal in common products like the Bed, Sofa, Dining table and Coffee table. Entry of new competitors in the market increases the competition. Availability of more attractive and cheaper versions of products and services will always makes Spark Furniture to upgrade the technology which could increase the research cost. Down fall in the economy could result in the decrease of demand for furniture goods which could affect the overall demand and market share. Strategic capabilities According to Johnson Scholes (2009) strategic capability can be defined as the resources and competences of an organization needed for it to survive and prosper. These capabilities differ from organisation to organisation. Examples of capabilities are logistics, frugal systems etc. Having these capabilities differentiates them from others in achieving a better market share. Strategic capabilities are combination of Threshold resources, threshold competences, unique resources and core competences. Threshold resources: Threshold resources of Spark Furniture are its ability to provide a wide range of choices and offers to consumers at a low price than its competitors backed up by its product quality. Threshold competences: Threshold competences are the processes to be followed, to meet the requirements of customers. For Spark Furniture their aim is to provide products at an low price while keeping the standard quality. Unique resources: The unique resources are unique techniques that help in knowing the drivers of competitive advantage. The unique prices and exhibition of products by Spark Furniture help them to reach a wide range of customers like people who could not spare more money for shopping. Core competence: Core competence for Spark Furniture is its growth strategy of Cost Leadership which helps in offering unique attributes valued by customers for a low price, and perceived to be better than that of competitors. This allows the enterprise to achieve leadership in market and long term sustainability. Diagnosing strategic capability The strengths and weakness of organisation can be identified by analysing their strategic capability: Strengths: Spark offer benefits to valued customers. As a Furniture company, the unique marketing techniques backed up by the inbound and outbound logistics helps them to maintain the uninterrupted supply of products to the customers thus helps in providing qualitative services and products at affordable cost. Weaknesses: Targeting only a particular market segment of people by proving products at low prices could slow down the growth of the company from emerging markets. Evaluation of current strategies of Spark Furniture The strategy adopted by Spark Furniture is based on the generic strategies of Porter and that of Growth Strategy (Ansoff). That is the Cost Leadership and Market Penetration Strategies. The following analysis shows how the decisions undertaken affect the market share of Spark Furniture and its impact on its income and growth. (Refer appendix G) Cost Leadership: The strategy of Cost Leadership helps the way Spark Furniture operate as they tend to target to provide their customers with a good quality products at a very low price than its competitors which helps them to perceive better than their competitors. Market Penetration: This strategy of growth has been adopted by the company to introduce existing products in existing markets in an attempt to leverage the companys brand name. This could enable the company to create a broader customer base. The impact of the above decisions can be known by looking at the market share they are able to take part of the competitors market share and by finding new customers or by getting current customers to use more products. It is considered a low risk method to grow business. Strategic clock The model of strategic clock has been adapted from Cliff Bowman. Strategic clock shows the different positions in a given market where customers have various needs in terms of price (Johnson et al., 2009). By using this model we can study the competitive advantage of Spark Furniture. Bowmans strategy helps us to find out the companys competitive status by using some strategic options. These options are the No Frills, Low Price, Hybrid, Focus and differentiation. Of the various strategic options Spark Furniture had opted for Low Price that is where the company seeks to achieve a lower price than its competitors at the same time providing similar benefits and quality as their competitors. (Refer Appendix H) The reason for the company to adapt a strategy like Low Price is that it could target the people that are most interested in Low price products. As result of the above strategy the concept of Cost Leadership will also be achieved so that control over the price elasticity of the goods sold can be achieved. Competitive advantage The main competition for Spark Furniture is from Leaf Furnishing and Green Furnishing for the leadership in market share and growth. This is making the market segment competition more severe. As a result of the Cost Leadership strategy adopted by Spark Furniture, they are enjoying a healthy market share which is reflected in the rising growth of their market share considerably and as a result the inventory turnover is good and which in turn increased their income. (Refer Appendix I) Sustainability of spark furniture Sustainability of Spark furniture can be explained by analysing the key areas in its organisational growth. The main strategic decision of Cost Leadership helps the company to retain their own customer base which in turn helps in achieving a steady share in market for a long time. Its policy is to provide good quality goods at an affordable price due to its innovative price strategy. This helps the company to maintain its aim of providing products at lower prices than its competitors and thus increasing its brand value. The main costs that could occur for Spark could be, in its education level in order to build up its innovation areas to provide more quality products and still been able to maintain low price. It also needs to spend a bit on Human Resource areas in order to keeps its staff happy and retain their loyalty for a better future as the loyalty of employees is not looking great at the moment which could affect the quality.(Refer Appendix G) From customers perspective Spark Furniture could sustain in the future as long as it can give customers the quality products at a lower prices than its competitors and by doing so it can maintain its brand value and image which could help the company to grow more heights. The other factors that could threaten Spark Furniture sustainability like their slow growth in innovations which could bring down quality of products and thus affecting its market share and need to improve its HR area in order to be more affective in their customer service. Though the company is having a consistent income there is a need to increase its income growth by increasing the sales income of the income which at the moment is bit low. (Refer Appendix G) Conclusion By examining the strategies implemented by spark furniture it seems like they adopted a strategy which suits them. However, they need to be aware of the internal and external environment which changes continuously and the company needs to be ready to adopt a different kind of strategy that could be appropriate for the situation for retaining and increasing their market share. Works Cited Basu, R., 2009. Implementing Six Sigma and Lean: a practical guide to tools and techniques. 1st ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinenmann. Berkhout, M., 2002. Service support. Norwich: TSO. Cambell, D., Stonehouse, G. Houston, B., 2002. Business Strategy. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. Edu-Finntrack, 2010. Edu-Finntrack. [Online] Available at: http://courseware.finntrack.eu/learners/strat_mgnt.htm [Accessed 14 March 2011]. Fred, R.D., 1999. Strategic Managment. New jersey: Prentice Hall. Henry, M., Joseph, L., James, B.Q. Sumantra, G., 2003. The Strategy Process. New Jersey: fourth. Johnson, G., Scholes, K. Whington, R., 2009. Fundamentals of strategy. spain: Prentice Hall. Johnson, k., Scholes, k. Wittington, R., 2008. Exploring corporate strategy. Italy: Prentice Hall. ktnrchobby, 2011. ktnrchobby.com. [Online] Available at: www.ktnrchobby.com [Accessed 2011 March 15]. marketingteacher.com, 2011. Marketingteacher.com. [Online] Available at: http://www.marketingteacher.com/lesson-store/lesson-bowman.html [Accessed 15 March 2011]. Menon, A., Chowdhury, J. Jankovich, J., 1999. Evolving paradigm for environmental senstivity in marketing programs : a syenthsis of theory and practice. Journal of marketing theory and practice, pp.1-15. Porter, M.E., 2008. The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy. Harvard Business Review.

Tragedy In Things Fall Apart Essay -- essays research papers

Consider the Aristotelian tragedy. It has yet to go the way of Eddie Bauer. In Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe devised a tragic African hero in Okonkwo, consistent with the classic stipulations of the figure. Thus, the novel--to its greatest practicable extent—inherently existed as a tragedy on all levels to accommodate Okonkwo. To illustrate this, I will dissect and analyze the many factors that make Things Fall Apart an exemplary model of Greek tragedy by Aristotle’s own towering ideals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First and foremost, the tragic hero must be of noble stature, occupying a high position within the community, innately embodying virtue and majesty. Okonkwo distinguished himself as an exceptional wrestler, defeating Amalinze the Cat—who had not been defeated in seven years—and winning thus a reputation as a â€Å"manly† figure. In his family compound, Okonkwo lives in a hut of his own, and each of his three wives lives in a hut of her own with her children. The prosperous compound also includes an enclosure with stacks of yams, sheds for goats and hens, and a â€Å"medicine house†, where Okonkwo keeps the symbols of his personal god and ancestral spirits and where he offers prayers for his and his family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though the hero may be great, he may not be perfect. We must be able to identify with him, seeing him perhaps in others or ourselves. Having a notoriously short temper and an infamously wasteful father rendered Okonkwo imperfect, one wh...

Innovation and creativity in industry

InventionInvention is a new manner of making something or â€Å" new material that is made utile † . It may mention to increase or to hold radical alterations in thought, merchandises, procedures, or organisations. Many people to the scholarly literature on invention typically distinguish invention as thoughts applied successfully in pattern. Something new must be well different to be advanced, non an undistinguished alteration, e.g. , in the humanistic disciplines, economic sciences, concern and authorities policy. In economics the alteration must increase value, client value, or manufacturer value. The end of invention is positive alteration, to do person or something better. Innovation taking to increased productiveness is the cardinal beginning of increasing wealth in an economic system.Invention in administration contextIn the organisational context, invention is defined as public presentation and growing through betterments in efficiency, productiveness, quality, competi tory placement, market portion, etc. All organisations can introduce, including for illustration infirmaries, universities, and local authoritiess. Relevance of invention to industry:The debut of a new good — that is one with which consumers are non yet familiar — or of a new quality of a good.The debut of a new method of production, which need by no agencies be founded upon a find scientifically new, and can besides be in a new manner of managing a trade good commercially.The gap of a new market, that is a market into which the peculiar subdivision of industry of the state in inquiry has non antecedently entered, whether or non this market has existed before.The conquering of a new beginning of supply of natural stuffs or half-manufactured goods, once more irrespective of whether this beginning already exists or whether it has first to be created.The transporting out of the new organisation of any industry, like the creative activity of a monopoly place or the interrupting up of a monopoly place.Value of Innovation in Industry Goals of invention in IndustryImproved qualityExtension of the merchandise scopeReduced labor costsCreation of new marketsReduced stuffsImproved production proceduresReplacement of products/servicesReduced environmental harmConformity to ordinancesReduced energy ingestionFailure of invention in industryPoor LeadershipPoor CommunicationPoor EmpowermentPoor OrganizationPoor Knowledge ManagementMeasures of invention in industry There are two different types of steps for invention:The organisational degreeThe political degree.The organisational Degree:Organizational degree means to persons, team-level appraisals, private companies from the smallest to the largest. Measure of invention for every organisations can be conducted by studies, workshops, advisers or internal supervising, look intoing. There is no established general manner to mensurate organisational invention. Measuring invention have traditionally been by looking at outgo, for illustration, investing in R & A ; D ( Research and Development ) . 2 ) The political degree: A common industry position is that comparative cost-effectiveness research ( CER ) is a signifier of monetary value control which, by cut downing returns to industry, limits R & A ; D outgo, finally reduces our cost and leads to innovation in diminishing cost. By it the orgazation gets ready for future invention and compromises new merchandises entree to markets.Induced innovation- ground for motive:Induced invention was foremost proposed by Dr. J. R. Hicks in his work. He proposed that â€Å" a alteration in the comparative monetary values of the factors of production is itself a goad to innovation, and to innovation of a peculiar kind—directed to conserving the usage of a factor which has become comparatively expensive. † This works as motive in the sense that if rewards are increased decidedly the employees will work hard and more motive will be at that place. Costss ( whether direct or indirect ) has ever been a motive for a more rapid betterment in energy efficiency of goods than would usually happen.Invention system in OrganizationsThe construct of the invention system stresses that the flow of engineering and information among people, endeavors and establishments is cardinal to an advanced procedure. Every administration should hold a good and effectual direction information system in order to be extremely advanced. It creates interaction between the employees who are needed in order to turn an thought into a procedure, merchandise or service on the market and therefore gain money.Open inventionOpen invention is that houses can and should utilize external thoughts every bit good as internal thoughts, and internal and external waies to market, as the houses look to progress their engineering by Bazaar theoretical account. The barriers between a house and its environment have become less now a yearss, so inventions can now be easy transf erred inward and outward.So, this is all about invention in industry.CreativityCreativity is a mental and societal procedure affecting the find of new thoughts or constructs, or new associations of the originative head between bing thoughts or constructs. Creativity is pumped by the procedure of either witting or unconscious penetration. An alternate construct of creativity is that it is merely the act of doing something new or showing something old in a new mode.Difference between creativeness and inventionIt is frequently seen as job that people are non cognizant of exact significances of these two. So it is better to understand them in their right context.Creativity is typically used to mention to the act of bring forthing new thoughts, attacks or actions, while invention is the procedure of both bring forthing and using such originative thoughts in some specific context.In the context of an organisation, the term invention is frequently used to state the full procedure by which an organisation generates originative, new thoughts and converts them into existent life merchandises or services that are utile and feasible in concern patterns, while the term creativeness is reserved to use specifically to the coevals of new thoughts by persons or by groups, as a necessary measure within the invention procedure.Creativity and its affect on workThree forms by and large exist between that affect creativeness at work:Positive ( or negative ) temper, or alteration in temper, predictably precedes creativeness ;Creativity predictably precedes temperWhether affect and creativeness occur at the same time.It was found that these non merely affect procedure of creativeness, but originative results are besides affected by it every bit good. The experience of creativeness is itself a work event, and like other events in the organisational context, it could arouse emotion. Qualitative research and anecdotal histories of originative accomplishment in the humanistic disciplines and scientific disciplines suggest that originative penetration is frequently followed by feelings of elation. For illustration, Albert Einstein called his 1907 general theory of relativity â€Å"the happiest idea of my life.† Empirical grounds on this affair is still really probationary.Measuring creativeness1 ) Creativity quotientSeveral efforts have been made to develop a creativeness quotient of an single similar to the Intelligence quotient ( IQ ) , nevertheless these have been of great value. [ Most steps of creativeness are dependent on the personal judgement of the tester, so a standardised step it is hard to develop.2 ) Social-personality attackSome research workers have taken a social-personality attack for mensurating creativeness. In these surveies, personality traits such as independency of judgement, assurance, attractive force to complexness, aesthetic orientation and risk-taking are used as steps of the creativeness of persons Other research workers have rela ted creativeness to the trait, openness to see.3 ) Creativity ProfilesCreativity comes in different signifiers. There is sort to bring forth growing, invention, velocity, etc. There are four â€Å"Creativity Profiles† that can assist accomplish such ends.Incubate ( Long-term Development )Imagine ( Breakthrough Ideas )Improve ( Incremental Adjustments )Invest ( Short-run GoalsCreativity in diverse civilizations Now a yearss it is really hard to pull off in diversed work civilization. So, creativeness is needed at most of the degrees now a yearss in order to work out this job.Creativity in organisationsExpertise ( proficient, procedural & A ; rational cognition ) , Creative thought accomplishments ( how flexibly and imaginatively people approach jobs ) , and Motivation ( particularly intrinsic motive ) .Economic positions of creativenessIn the early twentieth century, Joseph Schumpeter introduced the economic theory of originative devastation, to depict the manner in which old ways of making things have been replaced by the new. Creativity is besides seen by economic experts as an of import component in the recombination of different elements to bring forth new engineerings and merchandises and services and, therefore leads to economic growing. Creativity leads to capital ( touchable or intangible assets ) , and originative merchandises are protected by rational belongings Torahs. The originative category is seen to be an of import driver of modern states. 3 T ‘s of economic development that are related with organisation ‘s creativeness: Technology, Talent and Tolerance † besides have high concentrations of originative professionals and tend to hold a higher degree of economic development.Creative job work outing in industry:Creative job resolution is the mental procedure of work outing a job. It is a particular signifier of job resolution in which the solution is independently created instead than solved by looking at old consequences of same job. Creative job work outing system ever involves creativeness. However, creativeness frequently does non affect originative job resolution, particularly in Fieldss such as music, poesy, and art. Creativity requires newness, updated cognition, as a feature of what is created, but creativeness does non needfully hold value ( that it will be good for society ) or is appreciated by other people. So, this is all about creativeness and Innovation in Industry.Consequence and Interpretation:From this study I have learned the value of invention and creativeness from industry position that how it affects every concern whether large or little. By analyzing this & A ; recognizing its value in client satisfaction I will seek to implement it in my concern besides.Decision:Creativity & A ; invention are of great value in every industry today. They are the impulsive forces of every concern now yearss and besides acts as competitory advantage. Bing the concern disposal pupils we should understand their value and seek to be originative and advanced.

Causes for the french revolution Essay

There were many causes for the French Revolution, which started in 1789. However there were three main causes that affected the decision to have a revolution the most which were the weak economy, a bad harvest, and King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette. These were the main reasons that lead to the French Revolution because these events were the ones that affected France the most during 1789. The weak economy was one of the causes of the French Revolution because at that time France was in debt. France was in debt due to helping the colonist become independent from Britain in the American Revolution. For example, in The French Revolution Begins reading it states â€Å"And he borrowed heavily in order to help the American revolutionaries in their war against Great Britain, France’s chief rival. † This is one of the reasons that started the French Revolution because due to being in debt King Louis XVI’s solution was to raise the taxes on the nobles. This was surprised the 2nd estate which consist of the nobles because they paid the least taxes of the 3 estates. Due to this action the 2nd estate called a meeting called the Estates General. In these types of meetings each estate would usually only get one vote but due to the fact that it would be unfair to the 3rd estate. So for this reason every person who was at the Estates General would be granted a vote. The Estates General was to basically approve the new tax. This meeting then caused the National Assembly, which was what the third estate was now called. The third estate pledged a tennis court oath that stated that they wouldn’t leave until a new constitution was made. They drafted a new constitution, which now made France a constitutional monarchy. In conclusion, this is how being in depth was one of the reasons that started the French Revolution. Another cause for the French revolution was the bad harvest in the 1780’s. This was one of the causes for the French revolution because people could grow their food or grain, which is the ingredient to make bread. â€Å"The price of bread doubled in 1789, and many people faced starvation† (French Revolution Begins). In my opinion, I believe that this is one of the reasons to start the revolution because the people back then were poor. They were poor due to the reason that most of their money went to taxes so, if their money went to taxes and they barley had enough to pay for how much the bread used to be hoe are they expected to pay for bread when the price is doubled. I also believe that this is inequitable due to the fact that it isn’t their fault that there was bad weather I believe that the king was just trying to get money. Doubling the bread price made people not have enough money and many people died because of starvation. In conclusion, this is how a bad harvest was another one of the major causes to the French Revolution. The last main cause to the French Revolution had to do with King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette. This I believe was the main reason for the French Revolution because the king and his wife were spending money on unnecessary things. For example â€Å"†¦she spent so much money on gowns, jewels, gambling, and gifts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (The French Revolution Begins). Based on this evidence we could see how the money was being misused and how the queen didn’t even care about the situation happening with the people. Another example showing how Antoinette was a bad queen was â€Å"One year she lost the equivalent of $1. 5 million gambling in card games† (The French Revolution Begins). This example shows us how the queen spent money and when it came to help people put they were in depth. An example of how King Louis XVI was being a bad king was â€Å"However he lacked the ability to make decisions† (The French Revolution). In my opinion I believe that this is how King Louis XVI was a cause to the French Revolution because this quote shows how he did not know what was right for the people and did not know how to deal with all of the things that were going on in France like people wanting a revolution. This was a good thing for France because they saw that the King could not make any good decisions so they saw that it was a good idea to overthrow the monarchy and become a limited monarchy. In conclusion there were many things that lead to the French Revolution but only 3 things were the main causes. The 3 main causes were the fact that the French were in depth due to the American Revolution. The fact that there was a bad harvest in the 1780’s. Lastly the fact that King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette were spending money in a useless way and that they were making bad decisions.

The Federal Republic of Central America (1823-1840)

The Federal Republic of Central America (1823-1840) The United Provinces of Central America (also known as the Federal Republic of Central America, or Repà ºblica Federal de Centroamà ©rica) was a short-lived nation comprised of the present-day countries of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. The nation, which was founded in 1823, was led by Honduran liberal Francisco Morazn. The republic was doomed from the start, as infighting between liberals and conservatives was constant and proved insurmountable. In 1840, Morazn was defeated and the Republic broke into the nations that form Central America today. Central America in the Spanish Colonial Era In Spain’s mighty New World Empire, Central America was but a remote outpost, largely ignored by the colonial authorities. It was part of the Kingdom of New Spain (Mexico) and later controlled by the Captaincy-General of Guatemala. It did not have mineral wealth like Peru or Mexico, and the natives (mostly descendants of the Maya) proved to be fierce warriors, difficult to conquer, enslave and control. When the independence movement broke out all through the Americas, Central America only had a population of about one million, mostly in Guatemala. Independence In the years between 1810 and 1825, different sections of the Spanish Empire in the Americas declared their independence, and leaders like Simà ³n Bolà ­var and Josà © de San Martà ­n fought many battles against Spanish loyalist and royal forces. Spain, struggling at home, could not afford to send armies to put down every rebellion and focused on Peru and Mexico, the most valuable colonies. Thus, when Central America declared itself independent on September 15, 1821, Spain did not send troops and loyalist leaders in the colony simply made the best deals they could with the revolutionaries. Mexico 1821-1823 Mexico’s War of Independence had begun in 1810 and by 1821 the rebels had signed a treaty with Spain which ended hostilities and forced Spain to recognize it as a sovereign nation. Agustà ­n de Iturbide, a Spanish military leader who had switched sides to fight for the creoles, set himself up in Mexico City as Emperor. Central America declared independence shortly after the end of the Mexican War of Independence and accepted an offer to join Mexico. Many Central Americans chafed at Mexican rule, and there were several battles between Mexican forces and Central American patriots. In 1823, Iturbide’s Empire dissolved and he left for exile in Italy and England. The chaotic situation that followed in Mexico led Central America to strike out on its own. Establishment of the Republic In July 1823, a Congress was called in Guatemala City which formally declared the establishment of the United Provinces of Central America. The founders were idealistic creoles, who believed that Central America had a great future because it was an important trade route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. A federal president would govern from Guatemala City (the largest in the new republic) and local governors would rule in each of the five states. Voting rights were extended to rich European creoles; the Catholic Church was established in a position of power. Slaves were emancipated and slavery outlawed, although in reality little changed for the millions of impoverished Indians who still lived lives of virtual slavery. Liberals Versus Conservatives From the beginning, the Republic was plagued by bitter fighting between liberals and conservatives. Conservatives wanted limited voting rights, a prominent role for the Catholic Church and a powerful central government. The liberals wanted church and state separate and a weaker central government with more freedom for the states. The conflict repeatedly led to violence as whichever faction not in power tried to seize control. The new republic was ruled for two years by a series of triumvirates, with various military and political leaders taking turns in an ever-changing game of executive musical chairs. Reign of Josà © Manuel Arce In 1825, Josà © Manuel Arce, a young military leader born in El Salvador, was elected President. He had come to fame during the brief time that Central America had been ruled by the Iturbide’s Mexico, leading an ill-fated rebellion against the Mexican ruler. His patriotism thus established beyond a doubt, he was a logical choice as the first president. Nominally a liberal, he nevertheless managed to offend both factions and Civil War broke out in 1826. Francisco Morazn Rival bands were fighting each other in the highlands and jungles during the years 1826 to 1829 while the ever-weakening Arce tried to re-establish control. In 1829 the liberals (who had by then disowned Arce) were victorious and occupied Guatemala City. Arce fled to Mexico. The liberals elected Francisco Morazn, a dignified Honduran General still in his thirties. He had led the liberal armies against Arce and had a wide base of support. Liberals were optimistic about their new leader. Liberal Rule in Central America The jubilant liberals, led by Morazn, quickly enacted their agenda. The Catholic Church was unceremoniously removed from any influence or role in government, including education and marriage, which became a secular contract. He also abolished government-aided tithing for the Church, forcing them to collect their own money. The conservatives, mostly wealthy landowners, were scandalized. The clergy incited revolts among the indigenous groups and the rural poor and mini-rebellions broke out all over Central America. Still, Morazn was firmly in control and proved himself repeatedly as a skilled general. A Battle of Attrition The conservatives began wearing the liberals down, however. Repeated flare-ups all over Central America forced Morazn to move the capital from Guatemala City to the more centrally located San Salvador in 1834. In 1837, there was a fierce outbreak of cholera: the clergy managed to convince many of the uneducated poor that it was divine retaliation against the liberals. Even the provinces were the scene of bitter rivalries: in Nicaragua, the two largest cities were liberal Leà ³n and conservative Granada, and the two occasionally took up arms against one another. Morazn saw his position weaken as the 1830’s wore on. Rafael Carrera In late 1837 there appeared a new player on the scene: Guatemalan Rafael Carrera. Although he was a brutish, illiterate pig farmer, he was nevertheless a charismatic leader, dedicated conservative and devout Catholic. He quickly rallied the Catholic peasants to his side and was one of the first to gain strong support among the indigenous population. He became a serious challenger to Morazn almost immediately as his horde of peasants, armed with flintlocks, machetes and clubs, advanced on Guatemala City. A Losing Battle Morazn was a skilled soldier, but his army was small and he had little long-term chance against Carrera’s peasant hordes, untrained and poorly armed as they were. Morazn’s conservative enemies seized the opportunity presented by Carrera’s uprising to start their own, and soon Morazn was fighting several outbreaks at once, the most serious of which was Carrera’s continued march to Guatemala City. Morazn skillfully defeated a larger force at the Battle of San Pedro Perulapn in 1839, but by then he only effectively ruled El Salvador, Costa Rica and isolated pockets of loyalists. End of the Republic Beset on all sides, the Republic of Central America fell apart. The first to officially secede was Nicaragua, on November 5, 1838. Honduras and Costa Rica followed shortly thereafter. In Guatemala, Carrera set himself up as dictator and ruled until his death in 1865. Morazn fled to exile in Colombia in 1840 and the collapse of the republic was complete. Attempts to Rebuild the Republic Morazn never gave up on his vision and returned to Costa Rica in 1842 to re-unify Central America. He was quickly captured and executed, however, effectively ending any realistic chance anyone had of bringing the nations together again. His final words, addressed to his friend General Villaseà ±or (who was also to be executed) were: â€Å"Dear friend, posterity will do us justice.† Morazn was right: posterity has been kind to him. Over the years, many have tried and failed to revive Morazn’s dream. Much like Simà ³n Bolà ­var, his name is invoked any time someone proposes a new union: it’s a little ironic, considering how poorly his fellow Central Americans treated him during his lifetime. No one has ever had any success in uniting the nations, however. Legacy of the Central American Republic It is unfortunate for the people of Central America that Morazn and his dream were so soundly defeated by smaller thinkers such as Carrera. Since the republic fractured, the five nations have been repeatedly victimized by foreign powers such as the United States and England who have used force to advance their own economic interests in the region. Weak and isolated, the nations of Central America have had little choice but to allow these larger, more powerful nations to bully them around: one example is Great Britain’s meddling in British Honduras (now Belize) and the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua. Although much of the blame must rest with these imperialistic foreign powers, we must not forget that Central America has traditionally been its own worst enemy. The small nations have a long and bloody history of bickering, warring, skirmishing and interfering in one another’s business, occasionally even in the name of â€Å"reunification.† The history of the region has been marked by violence, repression, injustice, racism and terror. Granted, larger nations such as Colombia have also suffered from the same ills, but they have been particularly acute in Central America. Of the five, only Costa Rica has managed to distance itself somewhat from the â€Å"Banana Republic† image of a violent backwater. Sources: Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962. Foster, Lynn V. New York: Checkmark Books, 2007.